30 moments
Birth at Les Cayes
· Les Cayes, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti)
Audubon was born Jean-Jacques Rabin in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Modern-country label supplied for geographic clarity; Les Cayes was then in Saint-Domingue.
Childhood relocation to France
· France
As a child, Audubon was sent from Saint-Domingue to France and thereafter raised by his father and adoptive mother near Nantes. The evidence establishes France but not a specific arrival site; coordinate is a representative national point.
Arrival and residence at Mill Grove
· Mill Grove, Audubon, Pennsylvania, United States
Audubon came to the United States to manage family property and lived at Mill Grove, where he studied and drew birds.
Return visit to France
· France
Audubon returned to France to see his father, seek permission to marry Lucy Bakewell, and discuss business plans. The source does not specify a city; coordinate is a representative national point.
Marriage at Fatland Ford
· Fatland Ford, Audubon, Pennsylvania, United States
Audubon married Lucy Bakewell at her family estate before taking her to Kentucky. The source supports the year but not a more precise marriage date.
Merchant business in Louisville
· Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Audubon and Jean Ferdinand Rozier established a general store in Louisville while moving their merchant partnership westward. The source places this business stage after the 1808 move to Kentucky but does not state a separate exact year.
Move to Kentucky after marriage
· Kentucky, United States
Immediately after his marriage, Audubon traveled with Lucy Bakewell to Kentucky, beginning their married life in the western frontier region. The source names Kentucky but not the initial settlement; coordinate is a representative state point.
Business move to Henderson
· Henderson, Kentucky, United States
Audubon moved his business to Henderson, where his family occupied an abandoned log cabin and he continued field observation and drawing.
Dissolution of Rozier partnership
· Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, United States
Audubon and Rozier ended their long-running commercial partnership at Ste. Genevieve, freeing Audubon to return to his family and pursue art and ornithology.
Citizenship visit to Philadelphia
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
During a visit to Philadelphia after the United States declared war on Britain, Audubon became a U.S. citizen. The source supports the year but not a more precise date.
Specimen-collecting journey into Mississippi
· Mississippi, United States
Audubon began a southern collecting journey with landscape painter George Lehman in pursuit of ornithological specimens. The quoted itinerary includes several states; this card records the explicitly named first state and uses a representative state coordinate.
Teaching and painting at Oakley Plantation
· Oakley Plantation, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States
Wikimedia Commons · Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported · file Audubon moved upriver to Oakley Plantation, where he taught drawing and used the surrounding woods for bird study and painting. “The following summer” is interpreted from the preceding October 12, 1820 event.
Instructor at Jefferson College
· Jefferson College, Washington, Mississippi, United States
During his lower-Mississippi period, Audubon worked as an instructor at Jefferson College. The source gives a two-year interval; this card uses the final year of that documented period.
Oil-painting work in Natchez
· Natchez, Mississippi, United States
Audubon and Jacob Stein worked as itinerant portrait painters in Natchez during the early months of 1823. The source supports a January–March interval; the card date uses month precision.
Publisher-seeking return to Philadelphia
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Audubon returned to Philadelphia to seek a publisher for his bird drawings and took lessons from Thomas Sully.
Arrival in Liverpool
· Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
Audubon landed in Liverpool during the first European journey undertaken to secure support for publication of his bird portfolio. Quote is from Audubon's journal as published in Audubon and His Journals.
Arrival in Edinburgh
· George Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
Wikimedia Commons · Public domain · file Audubon was in Edinburgh to advance publication of The Birds of America, establishing lodgings on George Street and meeting the city’s scientific and artistic community. Quote is from Audubon's journal as published in Audubon and His Journals.
Visit to Bulow plantation
· Bulow Plantation, Flagler County, Florida, United States
During a Florida expedition, Audubon visited John Joachim Bulow’s northeastern coastal sugar plantation over Christmas 1831 and early January 1832. The source spans late December 1831 and early January 1832; date is recorded at month precision for the first supported month.
Departure from St. Augustine
· St. Augustine, Florida, United States
Audubon booked passage at St. Augustine aboard the schooner Agnes, intending to sail north to Charleston. The source supports month precision only.
Stay at City Hotel in Savannah
· City Hotel, Savannah, Georgia, United States
After being carried upstream from Cockspur Island, Audubon stayed at Savannah’s City Hotel and sought local subscriptions to The Birds of America. The former City Hotel site is represented by a central Savannah coordinate; the source supports month precision only.
Weather-forced landing at Cockspur Island
· Cockspur Island, Georgia, United States
A gale interrupted Audubon’s passage from St. Augustine and brought the schooner to the mouth of the Savannah River beside Cockspur Island. The source supports month precision only.
Labrador ornithological expedition
· Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Audubon sailed north from Maine with his son John and five colleagues to investigate Labrador ornithology. The source identifies Labrador broadly rather than a specific landing point; coordinate is a representative regional point.
Anchorage at St. George's Bay
· St. George's Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
On the return from Labrador, Audubon’s vessel anchored in St. George’s Bay, Newfoundland. Quote is from Audubon's journal as published in Audubon and His Journals.
Purchase of Hudson River estate
· Audubon Park, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
After finishing Ornithological Biography, Audubon returned with his family and bought the northern-Manhattan Hudson River estate later known as Audubon Park. Coordinate represents the former Audubon Park estate area in present-day Washington Heights.
Arrival in Philadelphia on Missouri expedition
· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
On the first day of his 1843 western expedition, Audubon traveled by rail from New York and reached Philadelphia late that night. Quote is from Audubon's journal as published in Audubon and His Journals.
Departure from New York on Missouri expedition
· New York City, New York, United States
Audubon left his northern-Manhattan home with his son Victor to begin an eight-month expedition for The Quadrupeds of North America. The journal identifies New York City later in the same entry; coordinate is a city representative point.
Return to Louisville during western expedition
· Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Audubon reached Louisville by mail steamer and spent four days at William G. Bakewell’s home in the city of his youth. “The 19th inst.” is March 19, 1843, from the dated March 11 journal entry.
Arrival in St. Louis during western expedition
· St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Audubon reached St. Louis on the steamer Gallant, then organized personnel and supplies for the Missouri River expedition. The dated March 29, 1843 letter establishes that the referenced March 28 arrival was in 1843.
Arrival at Fort Pierre
· Fort Pierre, South Dakota, United States
Audubon reached Fort Pierre on the upper Missouri River, where he collected natural-history material and prepared drawings during his western expedition. The Missouri River Journals are explicitly dated 1843.
Death at northern-Manhattan home
· Audubon Park, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
Audubon died at his family home on the Hudson River estate in northern Manhattan after his health had declined. Coordinate represents the former Audubon Park estate area in present-day Washington Heights.